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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A trading centre at Mapungubwe, on the Limpopo, evolves into a state ruled by a king in a zimbabwe | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger | |
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| 1062 |
| | | Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Rival Berber tribesmen, the Almohads, evict the Almoravids from Marrakech and soon conquer the whole north African coast | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital | |
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